Suchergebnisse

PREVIOUS ANALYSES HAVE REVEALED THAT SINCE WORLD WAR II, DECISIONS TO USE U.S. MILITARY FORCE HAVE BEEN MORE DEPENDENT ON DOMESTIC POLITICAL FACTORS THAN ON THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT. THIS RESEARCH, HOWEVER, FOCUSES ON THE GENERAL CONTEXT OF DECISION MAKING INSTEAD OF THE SITUATIONAL CONTEXT SURROUNDING PRESIDENTIAL DECISIONS TO USE THE U.S. MILITARY FOR POLICY PURPOSES. THE CURRENT RESEARCH FRAMES PRIOR ANALYSES AND FINDINGS WITHIN A RATIONAL CHOICE FRAMEWORK OF CRISIS DECISION MAKING. IT ASSESSES THE IMPACTS OF INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC FACTORS ON THE SEVERITY OF U.S. RESPONSES IN INTERNATIONAL CRISES FORM 1954 TO 1986. A HIGH EXPECTED VALUE FOR WAR AND "DEFEATS" IN PREVIOUS CRISES MAKES THE UNITED STATES MORE LIKELY TO RESORT TO VIOLENT CRISIS RESPONSES. ALSO. U.S. RESPONSES ARE LIKELY TO BE MORE SEVERE DURING HIGH LEVELS OF ECONOMIC "MISERY," AS PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS BECOME MORE PROXIMATE AND AS THE PRESIDENT'S PARTISAN CONTROL OVER CONGRESS INCREASES.

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Studies in Higher Education on 14 Oct 2016 , available online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2016.1239250. ; Since 2010, Myanmar has been transitioning from an authoritarian military regime towards a parliamentary democracy. Several education policies have been launched as part of this political transformation process, including the reform of Myanmar's flagship higher education institution, Yangon University. This article investigates the reform of Yangon University. Through so doing, we examine a key node in Myanmar's higher education system, and contribute to academic debates over higher education reforms in countries undergoing political transformations. The article draws on qualitative data obtained from stakeholders involved in the reform of Yangon University, and uses Arnhold et al.'s 'educational reconstruction framework' to conceptualize the reform process. It is argued that while improvements have been made to the physical infrastructure, there has been a failure to consider the ideological and psychological reconstruction of the university, which staff and students alike deem essential to transforming long standing authoritarian practices, and creating a constructive learning environment.

Purpose: The role of energy or emission intensive firms face contradictory demands from advancing economic development and environmental improvement and protection and thus require appropriate policy interventions to balance the two needs. China's "Green Credit" policy that restricts loans to energy or emission intensive firms provides an example to study the impact of these kinds of policy intervention. Design/methodology/approach: Using the data of all A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges, our paper empirically analyzes the impact of the Green Credit Policy on performance of these energy or emission intensive firms. Findings: (1) Using difference-in-difference (DID) and propensity score matching (PSM)-DID method and the dynamic effect method, we found that from 2012 to 2015, the Green Credit Policy had an inhibiting effect on the performance of energy or emission intensive firms. This inhibiting effect was gradually weakened in 2016, and it turned into a positive promoting effect in 2017; (2) The performance's change of these firms around 2015 showed that Green Credit promoted the green transformation and upgrading of these firms; (3) Loans were helpful to the performance of energy or emission intensive firms to some extent, but government subsidies were not significant. Originality/value: The results suggest that the government, banks and other institutions should dynamically assess the implementation results of the Green Credit Policy on energy or emission intensive firms.